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                  <text>Caspian Connectivities</text>
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                  <text>The Caspian Sea, from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries, as a place defined by movement around, through and underneath it. </text>
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                <text>This image shows the road networks featured in Abraham Maas's map "Nova Maris Caspii" as they radiate south along the Caspian from Astrakhan and into the Caucasus. </text>
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                <text>Maas, Abraham&#13;
Alsayar, Dalal</text>
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                <text>Harvard Library, Pusey Map Collection</text>
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                <text>Adding a complexity to Chris Marker's film 'Statues also Die,' the use of African masks play a more interesting role in the use of relational space between the physical and the metaphysical, 'According to the anthropologist Frank Herreman:&#13;
One of the most dramatic manners whereby the contact between humans and the supernatural acquires a visible form is at the moment that spirits under the form of masks appear. According to our understanding, the mask is a means of partially or wholly covering the face or the body to render it unrecognisable, and through which the masker acquires another identity. In large parts of the world the original function – associated with the supernatural – has declined, and masking has evolved into a form of profane recreation coming to the fore only once or at most a few times per year, for example during carnival. In West and Central Africa, the function of a number of masks has remained much closer to its original significance. Consequently, such masks still manifest at crucial moments during the cycle of the seasons, and within the course of an individual’s life cycle as well. The mask wearer in this context is, therefore, a more important person than someone who masks for purely recreational motives. In the African context the mask wearer is always an initiated person whose identity is not made known. He undergoes not only a physical, but also a psychic transformation. He comes under the spell of the spirit that he incarnates, and one believes that he so disposes of the supernatural characteristics of the latter. Since the supernatural stands outside the law of the living, one supposes that the mask acts according to its own whimsy. In these acts, however, sits a structure that is dictated by the priest, the magician, the society, the elders, or other forms of the power structure. They must watch over the observance of religious rules, the common law, and the maintenance of various rituals which must be carried out within the scope of events in life’s cycle. Thus, the masks are important instruments that aid in the consolidation of the position of power of the various authority structures.'</text>
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                <text>Twitter has been the media of choice for protestors in Ferguson and St. Louis, with almost daily updates under the hashtags #Ferguson, #MichaelBrown, #BlackLivesMatter, and many others. This map illustrates the fine grained detail and level of migration that is made possible by Twitter. More than ever, social media has become a way to track on the ground movements, with torrents of images offered up for public consumption and historical examination. This twitter maps illustrates the first few days of the protests, and even an unorganized effort leads to a focused attention on the otherwise unremarkable town. This protest is marked by migration, with marches being central to the movement. The protests have also moved on to St. Louis in October, </text>
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                <text>This highly iconographic map of Muscovy was put together by Anthony Jenkinson after his late sixteenth century travels through the region. Note the myriad ways in which modes of travel are depicted throughout this map. </text>
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                <text>During the Soviet era, this huge nation was connected by an extensive flight network. However, for the most part these networks were highly centralized, like much of the infrastructure of the day. The only international flight you could take from Central Asia was from Samarkand to Kabul via Termez. Otherwise you pretty much had to fly through Moscow. That said, inter-Central Asia connections were extensive. </text>
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                <text>Because railroad infrastructure is expensive and difficult to build, the Soviet-era network is still largely in place today, with new connections (between Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Iran, for example) coming online only in the last year. The rail network remains both a symbol of the Soviet era to outsiders and a still quite common mode of transit to large groups of citizens from former Soviet countries.</text>
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                <text>"Central Asian rail corridors offer alternatives to the Trans-Siberian," International Railway Journal 53:2, February 2013, accessed on http://content.yudu.com/A21bv0/IRJFeb13/resources/index.htm</text>
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                <text>Air routes, by contrast, can be established relatively quickly. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in Central Asia, each of the five countries set up a flag carrier with several international destinations. What makes air infrastructure interesting is that although relatively little is needed on the ground to have a flight (i.e., a runway, not thousands of miles of track), the act of flying is so expensive—both in terms of operational cost and the cost of the vehicles themselves—that a critical mass of passengers needs to be guaranteed for the venture to be worthwhile. because of and in spite of this, the destinations they choose to fly to speak to the economic, political, and cultural orientations of the five newly independent states, both taken individually and as an aggregate.&#13;
Air Astana, Kazakhstan's national airline, is one of two, along with Uzbekistan Airways, with international IATA certification. Both of these airlines represent the wealthier Central Asian nations, and, especially for Kazakhstan, those who have devoted serious time and money to forging international legitimacy outside of air travel. Notice too how Air Astana has the most robust two hub system in place: domestically, Almaty is still of prime social/cultural importance and the main hub city for transit, but the manufactured capital of Astana is steadily gaining influence (note the name of the air carrier). And flights to vacation spots like Antalya and Bangkok speak to the country's emergent middle class.</text>
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                  <text>An examination of post-Soviet Central Asian airline route maps.</text>
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                <text>One noticeable trend is that ethnic ties are represented by the many connections between Central Asia and Turkic centers of the former USSR like Ufa, Kazan, Baku, and Simferopol, as well as by external Turkic centers like Urumqi and Istanbul. It is also worth noting that locations of large diaspora populations, such as New York and Tel-Aviv, are also destinations for the airline. One can make the argument that demand for flights is not always domestic and diaspora populations can influence flights in either direction. Yet, while a place like Seoul could be indicative of an interest in the Korean-Uzbekistani population, such a flight is more likely driven by significant South Korean investment in Central Asia. In this way, the route has cultural benefits but an economic driver.</text>
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                <text>Further indication of the cultural import of destinations are Tajik Air flights to Kabul and Tehran – the only ones from Central Asia. These flights suggest an interest in maintaining ties with fellow Persian-speaking countries. Labor migrants are also a clear focus for Tajik Air, with many flights to Russian provincial cities like Irkutsk and Samara, as well as to industrial towns with only seasonal flights, like Surgut. </text>
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