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                  <text>The Caspian Sea, from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries, as a place defined by movement around, through and underneath it. </text>
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                <text>This map of the Caspian was created by Guillaume Delised and was based on recent information collected by Carl Vanverden in 1719, 1720 and 1721 at the request of tsar Peter I. The first map of the Caspian based on relatively accurate observations of latitude and longitude, Delisle's map changed the way scholars and sovereigns imagined this body of water.  </text>
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                <text>Harvard Library, Pusey Map Collectino&#13;
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                <text>Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio</text>
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                <text>This is a map consolidating all the above route maps, showing the region-wide priorities. While connections to Moscow were maintained, new destinations like Istanbul and Urumqi acquired new importance. But the network of inter-Central Asia flights collapsed; there are now as many connections from Central Asia to Kuala Lumpur, Amritsar or Surgut as to Tashkent, once the hub of Central Asia. Though inter-regional travel certainly still happens between some of the Central Asian states, the absence of fast transit in terms of air travel is telling of lukewarm (at best) political relationships in the region. Finally, where Moscow was once the gateway to the outside world, the identity rebuilding project of these newly independent states is evident even in something as banal as their transit infrastructure. While flights out used to be oriented west to European Russia, the investment in flights to South and Southeast Asia might be an indication of the aspirations of a new Central Asia, oriented toward the South rather than the North.</text>
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                <text>Because railroad infrastructure is expensive and difficult to build, the Soviet-era network is still largely in place today, with new connections (between Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Iran, for example) coming online only in the last year. The rail network remains both a symbol of the Soviet era to outsiders and a still quite common mode of transit to large groups of citizens from former Soviet countries.</text>
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                <text>"Central Asian rail corridors offer alternatives to the Trans-Siberian," International Railway Journal 53:2, February 2013, accessed on http://content.yudu.com/A21bv0/IRJFeb13/resources/index.htm</text>
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                <text>A quick look at the people in key positions of oil companies in the Middle East from the late 1800s to the early 1970s results in the same image across the board: white, middle-aged, Anglo-Saxon. While the initiatives of many of these oil companies operating in the Middle East was to train the ‘locals’ to eventually take over mid-level and upper-level positions, the realities were far from it. The reality was a class and ethnic segregated environment in which the ‘westerners’, the ‘centers’, live in a more lofty life, looking over the ‘locals’ have lunch in the backyard.</text>
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